Breast Milk and Breastfeeding: Importance, Benefits, Downsides, and More…

In today's modern world, where parents are busier than ever and desire fewer children, health-conscious parenting becomes more important than ever. When it comes to a child's health, especially in the early years, no topic seems more important than breastfeeding and breast milk. Breast milk, this naturally remarkable fluid, serves as a lifeline for babies and a source of well-being for mothers themselves. In this article, we will delve into the scientific and medical importance of breast milk, explore its benefits for mother and child, and discuss expectations and ways to promote breastfeeding.

What makes breastfeeding unique?

1. Nutritional values of breast milk: Breast milk provides the best mix of essential nutrients and micronutrients for the baby. It contains high-quality and easily digestible protein that the baby can use for growth and tissue repair. It contains essential fatty acids, including omega-3 and omega-6, that are crucial for the development of the baby's brain and cognitive functions. Breast milk also contains a good amount of carbohydrates (mostly in the form of lactose) that serve as an energy source for the baby. When it comes to micronutrients, breast milk is rich in vitamins (such as vitamins A, C, and D) and minerals (like calcium, iron, and zinc). These micronutrients play vital roles in immune function, bone health, and, again, cognitive development.

2. Immune system benefits of breast milk: Breast milk contains high levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM. IgA coats the baby's gastrointestinal tract, protecting it against infections and preventing harmful pathogens from entering the bloodstream. IgG and IgM antibodies in breast milk provide passive immunity and help the baby fight off various diseases, both bacterial and viral. When the mother encounters a pathogen (such as a cold virus), her immune system, which is much stronger than the child's immune system, produces specific antibodies, usually in the form of IgM and later IgG. These antibodies are then transferred to the baby through breast milk, providing targeted protection against that specific virus or bacteria, thus helping prevent respiratory infections, gastrointestinal illnesses, and other common childhood diseases. It has also been proven that breast milk contains prebiotics, the good bacteria that help regulate the digestive system. Studies also suggest that breastfed babies are more immune to some autoimmune diseases, such as asthma.

3. Other benefits for both mother and child: The physical closeness between mother and baby during breastfeeding benefits both. Breastfeeding triggers the release of oxytocin in both mother and baby, often called the "love hormone." This promotes a strong emotional bond between mother and baby. The composition of breast milk changes as the child grows, always suiting the child's needs. Breastfeeding also reduces stress levels in both mother and child by regulating cortisol, the so-called stress hormone.

   In the long term, the emotional connection during breastfeeding contributes to the development of the baby's emotional intelligence. Breastfed babies often develop more secure attachment styles, which positively impact their relationships throughout life.

The benefits of breastfeeding for the mother extend beyond psychological advantages. Breastfeeding helps mothers lose the excessive weight they gained during pregnancy. Various studies have shown that breastfeeding mothers are less prone to breast and ovarian cancer, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Cancers, diabetes, and heart diseases are major causes of mortality in women.

Are there any downsides to breastfeeding?

Like anything valuable, there is a price to pay when it comes to breastfeeding.

Breastfeeding may cause pain and discomfort for the mother, especially in the early weeks. Many new mothers experience sore, cracked nipples during the initial weeks of breastfeeding. The latch can be painful until they both find a comfortable rhythm. It is also possible for breasts to become engorged, swollen, and painful. Breastfeeding in public can also be a challenge.

Frequent breastfeeding in the early months can make mothers feel tied to their baby's feeding schedule, limiting their ability to engage in other activities or rest. Breastfeeding demands time and commitment. Newborns sometimes need feeding every 1-2 hours.

Breastfeeding requires maintaining a healthy lifestyle. What a mother eats and drinks directly affects breast milk quality. Hydration and balanced nutrition are crucial. Some foods may cause discomfort for the baby.

Some breastfeeding mothers experience severe anxiety about their milk supply and the growth of the child. Insufficient support from healthcare providers, family, or the workplace is also one of the major reasons mothers do not choose breast milk for their babies.

What are the substitutes for breast milk, and how do they compare to breast milk?

1. Infant formulas: Infant formulas are convenient and readily available. They usually contain most of the necessary nutrients and are the best option for mothers who cannot breastfeed. However, they lack the unique antibodies and immune factors found in breast milk. There is also a slight risk of contamination if they are not prepared properly, and they are usually costly and may contribute to environmental waste.

2. Cow's milk: Cow's milk is easily accessible and contains protein and calcium, but it lacks essential vitamins and iron. It is not suitable for infants under one year due to its high protein content. Cow's milk may also cause allergies or digestive issues.

3. Plant-based milks (Soy, Almond, Oat, etc.): These are usually suitable for lactose-intolerant babies and are environmentally friendly. However, they often lack essential nutrients (unless fortified). They may contain additives or sweeteners, which are sometimes harmful to babies. In general, plant-based milks are not a complete replacement for breast milk.

What are some ways to promote breastfeeding?

1. Education and Support: Good quality education is essential. Rather than merely listing reasons to breastfeed, educate mothers about the benefits, proper latch techniques, and common challenges. Encourage prenatal classes that cover breastfeeding basics. Support groups and lactation consultants play a crucial role in providing ongoing guidance and emotional support.

2. Public Acceptance: Breastfeeding promotion should not just target mothers but the wider population. Society needs to normalize breastfeeding in public spaces. Encourage workplaces, restaurants, and public facilities to create breastfeeding-friendly environments. When people see breastfeeding as natural and accepted, it reduces stigma and empowers mothers.

3. Maternal Legal Rights: Advocate for maternal rights. Laws protecting breastfeeding mothers in the workplace are essential. Ensure that employers provide private spaces and breaks for pumping milk. Educate mothers about their rights and empower them to assert these rights confidently.

4. Mental Health Support: Breastfeeding can be emotionally challenging. Address postpartum mental health by promoting self-care. Encourage open conversations about feelings, stress, and coping mechanisms. Connecting with other breastfeeding moms can alleviate isolation and anxiety.

5. Formula Control: While formula has its place, promoting breastfeeding involves responsible formula marketing. Avoid aggressive marketing tactics that undermine breastfeeding. Encourage informed choices by providing unbiased information about both options.

Authored by:

Dr. Alireza Sarmadi
Family Physician

References:

1. https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/features/breastfeeding-benefits/index.html
2. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/php/faq/faq.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/faq/index.htm
3. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322819
4. https://www.medela.com/en/breastfeeding-pumping/articles/power-of-breast-milk/breast-milk-vs-formula-how-similar-are-they
5. https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/150/Supplement%201/e2022057092D/188643/Mother-s-Own-Milk-Compared-With-Formula-Milk-for?autologincheck=redirected
6. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/breastfeeding-your-baby/breast-milk-is-the-best-milk
7. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/breastfeeding-benefits-mothers/
8. https://theconversation.com/breastfeeding-five-ways-it-can-be-encouraged-responsibly-82666
9. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g2291/html/view
10. https://mcpress.mayoclinic.org/parenting/feeding-your-baby-breast-milk-or-formula/#:~:text=the%20same%20choices%3F-,Breastfeeding,likely%20they%20are%20to%20last.